I person states that someone else said something. Because of the flow of conversation the second person does not get a chance to refute the statement. At a later point the first person stated that the second person said that. Even if the second person correcly states that that never made the statement, the first person can say that the second person never refuted the statement.

Timing of statements and not giving the ability to reply can make a big difference in communication.

A financial figure is made by a reputable organisation as a cost of something. Then the organisation also gives another, substantially larger figure as an investment in the same thing. The investment figure is then used as the cost figure.

Its a version of a red herring but its not often realised